Köchli S, et al. - In this cross-sectional study, researchers investigated the determinants of vascular health and disease in 1,171 primary school children (aged 7.2±0.4 years). They examined the correlation of obesity and hypertension, as well as physical fitness with retinal microvascular health and large artery stiffness among the study participants. Using standardized procedures for children, they performed screening for central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE) diameters, pulse wave velocity (PWV), body mass index, blood pressure (BP), and cardiorespiratory fitness. They found that, the presence of even preclinical stages of childhood obesity and hypertension was related to microvascular and macrovascular impairments in young children. Development of early life small and large vessel disease could potentially be prevented by implementing primary prevention programs targeting physical activity behavior.