Wright EJ, et al. - Researchers performed a randomized trial among treatment-naive HIV-positive adults with more than 500 CD4⁺ cells/μl to compare the effect of immediate vs deferred antiretroviral treatment (ART) on neuropsychological test performance. Both study arms showed a substantial improvement in neurocognitive test performance during the first year, underlining the importance of using a control group in studies assessing neurocognitive performance over time. Neither benefit nor harm in neurocognitive performance was recognized in association with immediate ART among individuals with CD4⁺ cell counts above 500 cells/μl.