Torio M, Iwayama M, Sawano T, et al. - Through prospectively involving 224 very-low-birth-weight infants (VLBWIs, birth weight < 1,500 g) born from 2003 to 2009 in Kyushu University Hospital, Japan, researchers sought to determine the neurodevelopmental outcomes of VLBWIs after 9 years of follow-up. Comorbidities of neurocognitive impairment, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorder or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ASD/ADHD) have been evaluated at 3, 6 and 9 years of age. At 3, 6 and 9 years of age, neurodevelopmental profiles were obtained from 185 (83%), 150 (67%) and 119 (53%) participants. Findings revealed that the epilepsy prevalence was higher in children with an IQ < 70 at age 9 than in those with an IQ ≥ 70. Male sex has been identified as a unique risk factor for ASD/ADHD. Such data indicate that VLBWIs displayed a higher prevalence of developmental delay, epilepsy and ASD/ADHD at 9 years of age than the general population. In the pathogenic process of ASD/ADHD, distinct mechanisms from those of developmental delay and epilepsy may be involved.