Meier AL, et al. - Via performing a systematic review (SR) of the literature, researchers sought to determine the prevalence and characteristics of neuro-psychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) in the Swiss Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) cohort study (SSCS). A total of 530 studies were identified in the SR searches, of which 22 were included in the meta-analysis. The mean frequency of NPSLE ranged from 10.6% to 96.4%. In the SSCS, NPSLE was observed at the frequency of 28.1%. They identified occurrences of severe events including cerebrovascular insults, seizures and psychosis in 7.1%, 5.3% and 6.5% respectively. A linear relationship was observed between duration of SLE and cumulative incidence of NPSLE. Overall findings suggest a very broad spectrum of NPSLE and a substantial variation in diagnostic work-up and rates of reported manifestations across studies. Researchers herein emphasize the necessity for concerted efforts and consensus regarding definitions of NPSLE that will allow accurate diagnosis and attribution to SLE, especially with a view to timely intervention and patient outcomes.