Imbert A, Vialaneix N, Marquis J, et al. - According to the results, network analyses distinguished a new adipose tissue (AT) feature with ^GDF15 upregulated with calorie restriction-induced weight loss, concomitantly to macrophage markers. This study demonstrates that in AT, ^GDF15 was expressed in preadipocytes and macrophages where it was a hallmark of anti-inflammatory cells.

• Five modules were observed, of which three included at least one bio-clinical variable during a low-calorie diet.

• The results showed that changes in BMI connected with changes in mRNA level of genes with inflammatory response signature.

• Change in BMI was negatively correlated with changes in expression of genes encoding secreted protein in this module (^GDF15, ^CCL3 and ^SPP1).

• Through all phases of the DI, it has been reported that change in ^GDF15 was connected to changes in ^SPP1, ^CCL3, ^LIPA and ^CD68.

• As per the findings, further characterization exhibited that these genes were specific to macrophages ((with LIPA, CD68 and GDF15 expressed in anti-inflammatory macrophages) and ^GDF15 also expressed in preadipocytes.