Bei C, et al. - Researchers investigated the mortality and associated risk factors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-negative patients with extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) in China. They consecutively enrolled all patients who were diagnosed with XDR-TB for the first time in four TB care centers across China from March 2013 to February 2015 and recognized an alarming situation of XDR-TB patients. These patients displayed a sizable proportion of newly transmitted cases, a high mortality rate, and a long period in community. To improve XDR-TB case management in China, they highlight a necessity for urgent actions including providing regimens with high chances of cure and palliative care, and enhanced infection control measures.