Liu Y, Dash A, Krez A, et al. - This study seeks to evaluate lumbar spine (LS) volumetric bone density (vBMD) as a risk factor for complications (pseudoarthrosis, instrumentation failure, adjacent fractures), re-operation, and time to complication after fusion. Researchers designed a cohort including a total of 359 individuals (mean age was 60 ± 14 years, vBMD 122 ± 37 g/cm3) who underwent initial LS fusion surgery at the institution, had pre-operative LS CTs and post-operative imaging available for review. In patients undergoing LS fusion, it was noted that low vBMD was a significant risk factor for early post-operative complications. Prospective research is required to verify these findings and to evaluate the optimal timing for follow-up and strategies for prevention of post-operative complications in this population.