Steinbauer P, Deindl P, Fuiko R, et al. - The long-term cognitive, motor, and behavioral outcomes of preterm infants before and after the implementation of a pain and sedation protocol were compared. Further, whether or not the raised opiate administration resulting after the implementation process had an influence on these outcomes was examined. Evaluation of cognitive outcomes was done using the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children; neuromotor examinations were based on Amiel-Tison, and behavioral outcomes were determined using the parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist. They assessed 100 extremely preterm infants in the study (control group, n = 53; intervention group, n = 47).  Per outcomes, neonatal opiate exposure did not alter cognitive and motor outcomes but may yield a potential risk factor for autism spectrum disorders and withdrawn behavior at preschool age.