Brogan AJ, et al. - In view of the observed clinical and public health benefits of early treatment of HIV-1 infection at all CD4 levels, researchers examined the costs, health outcomes, and cost-efficacy of enhanced HIV-1 screening (resulting in 10–50% improvements in diagnosis rates) and early treatment initiation in the UK. Using a Markov model, they followed theoretical cohorts of men who have sex with men (MSM), heterosexuals, and people who inject drugs (PWID) with initially undiagnosed HIV-1 infection over their remaining lifetimes. Outcomes revealed fewer onward HIV transmissions, more quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and higher total costs in correlation with increased screening and early treatment. For sexual health services, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for heterosexuals and for MSM were ~£22 000/QALY gained and ~£9500/QALY gained, respectively, which were within typical UK willingness-to-pay thresholds and for PWID was ~£6500/QALY gained. These findings suggest that to reduce HIV transmission and improve health for MSM, heterosexuals, and PWID in the UK, increased HIV-1 screening and early treatment initiation could be cost-effective.