Pontrelli P, et al. - Researchers performed a multicenter, observational, perspective, case–control study investigating a soluble diagnostic marker for monitoring the development of post-transplant malignancies. They enrolled 47 patients with post-transplant solid neoplasia and matched them with 106 transplant recipients without a history of neoplasia as a control group. Comparison of patients with and without post-transplant malignancies yielded 535 differentially expressed genes. Observations suggest a close relation of the cancer pathway with gene expression data, and one of the most down-regulated genes in this pathway was interleukin-27 (IL-27), a cytokine regulating anti-tumor immunity. For the timely identification of post-transplant neoplasia, IL-27 may be a potential immunological marker.