Pierce M, et al. – The purpose of the current study was to first ascertain whether the offending trajectory of those who test positive for opiates is greater than test–negative controls and secondly to determine whether the relationship is constant both prior to, and post, opiate initiation. The difference between groups is exacerbated by opiate initiation for most crime categories. The study findings suggested that opiate prevention initiatives might be effective in decreasing offending, especially among females.