Pan J, et al. - In two at-risk groups, women with a previous diagnosis of high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN3) and both men and women treated for non-cervical pre-invasive ano-genital disease, researchers investigated the excess risk of HPV-associated cancer (HPVaC). Data of all CIN3 cases diagnosed in 1989-2015 in Scotland from the Scottish cancer registry (SMR06) was linked to data of all cases of pre-invasive penile, anal, vulval, and vaginal disease diagnosed in 1990-2015 within the NHS pathology databases in the two largest NHS health boards in Scotland to extract subsequent incidence of HPVaC following the diagnosis of CIN3 or pre-invasive disease. Out of 69,714 females diagnosed with CIN3, 179 developed non-cervical HPVaC., and CIN3 cases had a 3.2-fold increase in the risk of developing non-cervical HPVaC, vs the general female population. Out of 1.235 patients diagnosed with non-cervical pre-invasive disease, 47 developed HPVaC. Those with non-cervical pre-invasive disease had a considerably higher risk of developing HPVaC, specifically a 15.5-fold increased risk for females and 28-fold increased risk for males.