Nagasawa H, et al. - A prospective examination was carried out, using echocardiography, to determine the incidence of persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) in the normal population and in patients with congenital heart diseases (CHDs). Compared with normal neonates, significantly higher incidence of PLSVC was noted in trisomy 21 and atrial septal defect patients. Also, the incidence in CHD patients appeared to be positively impacted by the type of CHD, particularly by double outlet right ventricle (DORV), coarctation of the aorta (CoA), and ventricular septal defect (VSD).