Parikh CR, Greenberg JH, McArthur E, et al. - In this observational, population-based cohort study run in Ontario, Canada, where citizens have universal access to health care services, researchers focused on long-term ESKD and death during childhood among children who had their first surgery for congenital heart disease within 10 years of birth. Matching of each child who underwent surgical repair to 10 children from the general population who were similar in age, gender, index date, rurality, and neighborhood income was done. Over a median of 5.9 (interquartile range, 2.9–9.0) years after surgical repair, the participants (n = 3,600) were observed. Children who underwent surgical repair for congenital heart disease vs the general population had a higher cumulative incidence of death and ESKD at 1, 5, and 10 years, indicating a high risk of mortality and ESKD in these patients. An increase in the risk of ESKD and death was seen with the severity of congenital heart disease. Children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome demonstrated the highest risk.