Andersson BÅ, et al. - Given that inflammation and an immune response is induced by smoking, and a cancer-associated inflammatory response has been observed in smoking and nonsmoking head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients, therefore, researchers focused on the possible isolated influences of smoking or HNSCC on 18 inflammatory or immune regulatory biomarkers. Participants included 51 nonsmoking and 36 smoking pretreated HNSCC patients, as well as 101 nonsmoking and 39 smoking controls. The highest influence of smoking was seen on total WBC, IFN-γ, and MCP-1 levels. They also found that HNSCC had the highest influence on neutrophils, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, HsCRP, MIP-1b, and TNF-α levels. Based on these findings, experts concluded that the immune response in HNSCC patients might be better understood by identifying HNSCC or smoking-related inflammatory biomarkers. Knowledge regarding inflammatory biomarkers in HNSCC patients could be offered by this investigation.