Audenet F, et al. - In patients with high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), experts evaluated the immune phenotype of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Blood samples were prospectively collected from patients with high-risk NMIBC treated at their institution. Results demonstrated a significant difference in the immune phenotype of PBMC from patients with high-risk NMIBC and that from healthy donors, regardless of disease presence or the initiation of BCG. A role in response to BCG could be played by peripheral CD8⁺ T cells.