Lorenzo-Luaces P, Sanchez L, Saavedra D, et al. - In patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), researchers identified predictors of treatment success with CIMAvax-EGF (a therapeutic anticancer vaccine) using a causal inference approach to evaluate retrospectively examined data from a controlled clinical trial assessing the impact of CIMAvax-EGF. Basal serum EGF level, peripheral blood parameters, and immunosenescence biomarkers were all included as potential predictive pretreatment biomarkers. Experts chose the model considering the proportion of CD4+ T cell, basal EGF level, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, monocytes, and neutrophils as predictors (predictive causal information > 0.74). Survival was significantly higher in patients treated with CIMAvax-EGF that were predicted to be good responders as per the pretreatment biomarkers values vs the control group. There was no difference seen for bad responders. Overall, CIMAvax-EGF success in advanced NSCLC could be predicted by peripheral blood parameters, immunosenescence biomarkers, and basal EGF level in serum. Realistic predictions of the clinical benefit for patients result from the multivariate approach, which is advised to be applied in daily clinical practice.