Reinholdt K, et al. - Compared to a non-transplanted comparison cohort, researchers estimated the risk of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related anogenital premalignancies and cancer in renal transplant recipients (RTRs). They randomly chose 50 age- and sex-matched non-RTRs from the background population for each RTR chosen from a nationwide nephrology register. Those with diagnoses of cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile and anal intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2–3 (IN2/3) and cancer for up to 27 years were followed. For this registry-based cohort study, 4,261 RTRs and 213,673 non-RTRs were included. Investigators found that RTRs had an increased hazard for cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile, and anal IN2/3. In addition, the hazard ratios of anogenital cancers were increased at most sites. Compared to non-RTRs, RTRs had a substantially higher risk of HPV-related anogenital premalignancies and cancer.