Mpunga T, et al. - Researchers analyzed cancer burden attributable to human papillomavirus (HPV) in Rwanda, by anogenital cancer site, HPV type, age, and HIV status. The majority of cases (598 of 738) were of cervical cancer, with 96.0% being high-risk HPV-positive. In other cancer sites, variations were noted in HPV-attributable fractions; from 53.1% in 81 penile, through 76.7% in 30 vulvar, 83.3% in 24 vaginal, and up to 100% in 5 anal cases. Significant variations were noted in type-specific prevalence for cervical cancer by histology, but not between 501 HIV-negative and 97 HIV-positive cases. According to the findings, the ongoing national HPV vaccination program in Rwanda, and in sub-Saharan Africa as a whole, has preventive potential. Type-specific relevance of HPV vaccines was confirmed regardless of HIV status due to a relatively minor influence of HIV on the distribution of causal HPV types.