de Boer WIJ, et al. - Since there is a strong socioeconomic gradient in healthcare costs, however, little is known about the role of lifestyle factors in the relationship between healthcare costs and socioeconomic status (SES), researchers examined differences in the connection between lifestyle indicators and healthcare costs between and within neighborhoods with comparable SES. Utilizing 2016 whole-population data for all 790 neighborhoods of the Netherlands, the connection was estimated between neighborhood average healthcare cost performance (ie, healthcare costs adjusted for population age and gender) and neighborhood socioeconomic status (NSES) and four lifestyle indicators - smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise and sport club membership. The results indicate that preventive strategies aimed at decreasing the number of smokers and that membership in sports clubs can minimize healthcare costs across all NSES groups, on the other hand, increasing compliance with physical exercise requirements can be beneficial predominantly in low SES neighborhoods.