Poppe LK, et al. – The aims are to determine HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) prevalence in Zambian infants upon diagnosis, and to determine how changing prevention of mother–to–child transmission (PMTCT) drug regimens affect drug resistance. findings suggested that HIVDR is on the rise in Zambia and presents a serious problem for the successful lifelong treatment of HIV–infected children. PMTCT seems affecting both the prevalence and strength of resistance. Further research is recommended to determine how to mitigate its role leading to resistance.