Liu T, Tan J, Wu M, et al. - In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), researchers sought to define the function of tumor mutational burden (TMB) or neoantigens in antitumor immunotherapy. Patients' neoantigens (n = 56) were analyzed using pVAC tools with major histocompatibility complex-1 (MHC-I) algorithms based on whole exome sequencing; neoantigens with mutant type IC₅₀ < 50 nM were defined as high-affinity neoantigens (HANs). The study showed that HAN value positively associates with better overall survival in patients with HCC. By activating tumor-reactive CD39⁺CD8⁺ T cells, HANs trigger antitumor activity and patients in the HAN-high group benefited more than the HAN-low group from anti-PD-1 therapy. Such results can provide a novel strategy for personalized antitumor therapies for HCC.