Latremouille S, et al. - In this study, researchers investigated differences in heart rate variability (HRV) between nasal CPAP and non-synchronized noninvasive ventilation (ns-NIV) during the postextubation phase in preterm infants. No effect on HRV was evident, of nasal CPAP or ns-NIV provided immediately postextubation. In the subgroup of infants who failed extubation, occurrence of changes in HRV during ns-NIV was found in an exploratory analysis. Hence, further explorations of changes in HRV as early as 2 h after extubation should be carried out in larger studies as a potential predictor of postextubation respiratory failure.