Kaseva N, et al. - In this longitudinal cohort study (ESTER and AYLS), researchers evaluated associations of maternal gestational diabetes (GDM) and pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity with adult offspring cardio-metabolic risk factors. Findings suggested that adult offspring of mothers with GDM have increased insulin resistance markers and a more atherogenic lipid profile; confounders or current offspring adiposity explain these only partially. An association was found between maternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity and impaired offspring glucose regulation, which was explained by confounders and/or current adiposity. Heart rate and other biomarkers between groups were similar.