Neri M, et al. - Researchers sought to determine the impact of thermal water nasal inhalations on symptoms, clinical signs, rhinomanometry measurements, and inflammatory biomarkers levels in nasal epithelial cells in adult and elderly patients with chronic rhinitis, pharyngitis or sinusitis. The clinical impact of thermal water nasal inhalations on upper respiratory diseases both in adults and elders was corroborated in this study. Findings also emphasized the role of genes activating tissue repair and inflammatory pathways. The training set of 48 inflammatory genes revealed a strong increase of CXCR4 gene expression after nasal inhalations. Consistently changing CXCR4 expression was observed in patients with rhinitis, pharyngitis or sinusitis.