Nijeboer P, et al. - Via analyzing 213 celiac disease (CD) and 13 potential (PCD) cases as well as 112 controls, researchers quantified the range of CD3⁺ T-cell receptor gamma-delta chain (TCRγδ⁺) intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) in the differential diagnosis of CD [an increase in gamma-delta IEL (CD3⁺TCRγδ⁺ IEL)]. They calculated percentages from small bowel biopsies through flow cytometric analysis of IELs. In most CD patients, the percentage of CD3⁺TCRγδ⁺ IEL has increased significantly, regardless of the presence of villous atrophy. A 14% cut-off for CD3⁺TCRγδ⁺ IEL resulted in 66.3% sensitivity and 96.6% CD diagnosis specificity. Overall, they concluded that a percentage of ≥14% CD3⁺TCRγδ⁺ IEL has a high CD diagnosis specificity and may be of diagnostic assistance in cases where the diagnosis is not straightforward.