Chen HJ, et al. - Twenty-one patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) scheduled for kidney transplantation (KT) and 17 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HC) were recruited in this study in order to investigate the patterns of large-scale complex network following KT in individuals with ESRD with resting-state functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). In comparison with HC, in both functional and structural networks, pre-KT ESRD patients exhibited a changed topological organization. In contrast with pre-KT, for both functional and structural networks, raised node degree and node efficacy were noted at 1 month following KT, which were additionally increased at 6 months following KT. At 6 months following KT, both functional and structural networks did not recover fully. The patients exhibited a raised functional–structural connectivity coupling at 1 month following KT, in comparison with HC. In ERSD patients following KT, a trend of progressive recovery of functional and structural connectivity networks was seen, which did not revive to the normal levels even in 6 months following KT. Hence, this study in ESRD patients after KT, underlie cognitive function recovery in the neuropathophysiological perspective.