Martinez L, et al. - The progression of 3 vascular features, medial fibrosis, intimal hyperplasia (IH), and collagen fiber organization, during early arteriovenous fistula (AVF) remodeling was estimated in this observational study, along with an assessment of the links thereof with AVF nonmaturation. Researchers observed that an important risk factor for nonmaturation was excessive fibrotic remodeling of the vein after AVF creation. They also noted that the stenotic potential of IH was determined by high medial fibrosis.