Peck KR, et al. - In a sample of US adults seeking treatment for primary headache disorders, the relative and combined associations of risk factors for medication-overuse headache were investigated. Compared to non-medication-overuse headache study participants, those with medication-overuse headache reported greater headache-related disability, escape and avoidance responses indicative of fear of pain, and use of combination medications for headache. Findings thus suggest that items that assess headache-related disability, use of combination medications, and fear of pain could assist in identifying patients who are currently overusing acute headache medications and could serve as indicators of treatment progress.