Saxena A, et al. - This research was started to assess the presence of the risk factors correlated with cardiac dysfunction in NL after birth in multiple age groups to improve counselling, to further understand the pathogenesis and to provide potential preventative strategies. Researchers examined echocardiogram reports in 239 individuals with cardiac NL: 143 from age 0–1 year, 176 from age >1–17 years and 64 from age >17 years. Further, logistic regression analyses assessed relationships of cardiac dysfunction at each age group with demographic, fetal and postnatal factors, applying imputation to mark missing data. In fetal life, risk factors can affect cardiac morbidity into adulthood. The results showed that cardiac dysfunction in the first year often normalizes, although limited by a small number of cases. The results demonstrate that new-onset dysfunction, although rare, can occur de novo after the first year.