Bezabih YM, et al. - Among patients attending clinical follow-up, researchers investigated risk factors for first-line ART failure in this 1:2 matched case-control study (by age, sex, and treatment duration since initiated on antiretroviral therapy [ART]). They compared 91 cases of patients switched to second-line ART after first-line ART failure (viral load ≥1,000 copies/mL) with 182 controls that who were patients on first-line ART with viral load < 50 copies/mL. Discontinuation of ART, baseline CD4 lymphocyte count ≤50 cells/mm³, and persistent diarrhea were identified to be the independent risk factors linked to first-line antiretroviral treatment failure. In addition, they noted frequent eating of a diet containing wheat or barley as a risk factor for first-line ART failure.