Shen H, et al. - This research was designed to explore the expression of β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) subtypes in the normal and dilated human ureter. Findings indicated a potential compensatory mechanism involving increased contraction of the ureter to push urine through the obstruction, as suggested by the downregulation of β-ARs following ureter dilation, specifically for β1-AR and β3-AR in the muscular layer. Therefore, it was concluded that β-ARs may be a potential target for treatment of ureter obstruction.