Zou R, Tiemeier H, van der Ende J, et al. - Researchers sought to determine how exposure to maternal depressive symptoms at different developmental stages from fetal life to preadolescence influence child brain development, including volumetrics and white matter microstructure. Embedded in a longitudinal birth cohort in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, this study included 3,469 mother-child pairs with data on maternal depressive symptoms and child neuroimaging at age 10. As per the single-time-point analyses, smaller total gray matter volume and lower global fractional anisotropy (FA) was evident in correlation with maternal depressive symptoms at child age 2 months but not in correlation with maternal depressive symptoms assessed prenatally or in childhood. Smaller gray and white matter volumes, as well as alterations (ie, lower FA) in white matter microstructure, were particularly identified among children exposed to persistently high levels of maternal depressive symptoms across the perinatal period vs nonexposed children in the trajectory analyses. Moreover, the association between postnatal maternal depressive symptoms and child attention problems were noted to be mediated by the gray matter volume differences. Results thereby emphasize the postnatal period as a window of vulnerability for adversities such as maternal depressive symptoms.