Burnett AC, et al. - In this population-based cohort study, researchers ascertained if difficulties in emotional, attention, and peer or social functioning (a proposed “preterm behavioral phenotype”) co-occur within individual children born extremely preterm (EP; <28 weeks of gestation) and/or extremely low birth weight (ELBW; <1,000 g) and whether different behavioral profiles are associated with cognitive and academic results. The study sample consisted of all EP/ELBW survivors born in the state of Victoria, Australia, in 2005, and contemporaneous matched controls were recruited at birth. Even though the proposed preterm behavioral phenotype showed more EP/ELBW children than controls, it occurred in only 20% of EP/ELBW children. Findings suggested an association of greater behavior symptoms with poorer cognitive and academic outcomes.