de OliveiraLara–Silva F, et al. – This study was designed to assess the individual impact of two main vector control actions – chemical spraying and environmental management – in two districts with no reported cases of human visceral leishmaniais (VL). After chemical spraying, there appeared a tendency of reduction in L. longipalpis but with no statistical significance compared to the control. Environmental management proved effective in that reduction and it may help in the control of VL by reducing the population density of the vector in a preventive and more permanent action, perhaps associated with chemical spraying.