Özman O, Tosun S, Bayazıt N, et al. - In this retrospective study, the efficacy of the second micro–testicular sperm extraction (TESE) was examined in 125 men with nonobstructive azoospermia with failed previous micro-TESE. Results suggest that the second micro-TESE can result in sperm retrieval in 18.4% of men with failed first micro-TESE. Testicular volumes were smaller in patients with successful sperm recovery than those with a failed second attempt. The second micro-TESE was not contraindicated in cases with severe testicular atrophy.