Ganji A, Monfared ME, Shapoori S, et al. - Since the principal cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) continues to be obscure, researchers performed this study in relapsing-remitting (RR)-MS patients managed with IFN (interferon)-β and glatiramer acetate (GA), to assess serum levels of some cytokines, including interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-8, IL-9, IL-17A, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). This study also included treatment-naive patients and healthy controls for comparison. Significantly higher serum levels of IL-8, IL-9, and IFN-γ were detected in treatment-naive patients vs healthy controls, while these groups did not differ significantly in terms of other cytokines. The levels of IL-9 and IFN-γ were significantly decreased, while a significant rise was noted in TGF-β level among patients who received GA. A significant drop in the levels of IL-9 and TGF-β was caused by IFN-β1b. A positive correlation of some cytokines was noted in different groups. Experts inferred that IL-8, IL-9, and IFN-γ exert inflammatory and aggravating effects on MS. GA was suggested as an effective therapy for RR-MS patients.