Kallionpää H, et al. - To find new, biomarkers that forecast the onset of the autoimmune reaction before autoantibody positivity or reflect progressive beta-cell destruction, authors reported the results of an mRNA-sequencing-based analysis of 306 samples, including fractionated samples of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and fractions of CD4-CD8- cells and non-fractionated PBMC samples collected longitudinally from seven children who developed beta-cell autoimmunity (Cases) and their matched controls at a young age. Studies involving single-cell RNA-seq showed that elevated interleukin-32 (IL32) in Case samples were primarily contributed by activated T cells and NK cells, and that IL32 expression can be brought about by a virus and cytokines in pancreatic islets and beta-cells, respectively. The findings provide a basis for early identification of aberrations in the function of the immune system prior to type 1 diabetes (T1D) and indicate a potential role for IL32 in T1D pathogenesis.