O'Donnell JN, et al. – This study aimed at assessing whether dose–response curves existed with urinary Kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM–1). Secondarily, researchers evaluated the impact of therapy duration and gender status on observed relationships. The collective findings established a clear dose response relationship between vancomycin dose and acute kidney injury (AKI). As these analyses focused exclusively on dose–response relationships, they suggested the necessity for additional pre–clinical data to more clearly define vancomycin exposures that predict the onset of AKI.