Alsalim W, et al. - Given that dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibition lowers glucagon levels whereas sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibition increases them, the researchers assessed the extent of these opposite effects in a direct comparative head-to-head study. Compared to SGLT-2 inhibition with dapagliflozin, treatment with DPP-4 inhibition with vildagliptin resulted in 15% lower fasting and postprandial glucagon levels. They discovered that DPP-4 inhibition also induces more rapid insulin secretion as well as higher levels of intact incretin hormones, resulting in stronger feedback inhibition of incretin hormone secretion than SGLT-2 inhibition.