Vaidya JS, Bulsara M, Saunders C, et al. - Whether 5-year local control with delayed second-procedure targeted intraoperative radiotherapy (TARGIT-IORT) for early breast cancer is noninferior to whole-breast postoperative external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) was determined in this prospective, randomized (1:1 ratio) noninferiority trial. Researchers also compared long-term outcomes. The participants had invasive ductal breast carcinoma smaller than 3.5 cm managed with breast conservation. Additionally, the participants aged 45 years or older and were selected from 28 centers in 9 countries. Overall 581 women were randomly assigned to delayed TARGIT-IORT and 572 to EBRT. According to the long-term data, delayed TARGIT-IORT was related to a rise in the number of local recurrences, but no statistically significant reduction in mastectomy-free survival, distant disease-free survival, or overall survival was achieved. In other words, no noninferiority of delayed second-procedure TARGIT-IORT to EBRT was evident at 5-year complete follow-up; however, no difference was identified in long-term (median 9 years) mastectomy-free survival, distant disease-free survival, and overall survival.