Tye-Din JA, Skodje GI, Sarna VK, et al. - This study was undertaken to determine if cytokine release after gluten ingestion differentiates patients with coeliac disease (CD) from those with self-reported gluten sensitivity (SR-GS). Australian CD patients (n = 26) and SR-GS (n = 18) on a gluten-free diet (GFD) consumed bread (estimated gluten 6 g). At baseline and at 3 and 4 h, serum was tested for interleukin (IL)-2, IL-8 and IL-10. In patients with CD but not SR-GS, gluten significantly elevated serum IL-2, IL-8 and IL-10 at 3 and 4 h. IL-2 was the highest median baseline fold-change at 4 h. Gluten challenge with high-sensitivity cytokine evaluation differentiates CD from SR-GS in GFD patients and identifies patients who are likely to tolerate gluten reintroduction. In individuals with SR-GS, systemic cytokine release indicating early immune activation by gluten in CD people cannot be identified.