Chiang CY, et al. - Whether noninvasive image acquisition at high resolution can accurately quantify matrix mineral density (MMD) among pre- and postmenopausal women and a woman with vitamin D–dependent rickets (VDDR) were investigated. For the purpose of this research, relationships between MMD and porosity were examined in 94 healthy vitamin D–replete premenopausal women, 77 postmenopausal women, and in a 27-year-old woman with VDDR. It was observed that in the woman with VDDR, MMD was 5.6 SD lower and porosity was 5.6 SD higher than the respective trait means in premenopausal women. Data reported that bone mineral density (BMD) was reduced (Z-scores femoral neck -4.3 SD, lumbar spine -3.8 SD). Findings suggested that low-radiation high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) might facilitate noninvasive quantification of bone's MMD and microstructure in health, disease, and during treatment.