Perri K, De Mori L, Tortora D, et al. - This study was carried out to assess neurocognitive function and white matter microstructure in children with permanent or transient congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and to correlate these findings with disease severity. Researchers performed a retrospective and prospective observational study in 39 children with permanent or transient CH, and in 39 healthy children. They evaluated cognitive function by Wechsler Intelligence Scale and by other tests; the white matter microstructure was evaluated by 3 Tesla magnetic resonance (MRI). The data demonstrate that children with CH are at risk of neurocognitive impairment and white matter abnormalities despite timely and adequate treatment. The relationship between offspring cognitive vulnerability and maternal thyroid disorders needs careful consideration.