Njuguna IN, et al. - Researchers sought for factors that could be associated with mortality among acutely ill HIV-infected children presenting with advanced HIV disease. In a randomized controlled trial, hospitalized, HIV-infected, antiretroviral therapy–naive children (0–12 years), initiated antiretroviral therapy were enrolled and were followed for 6 months. Observations revealed the independent predictive value of young age and orphaned or vulnerable child status for predicting mortality. Clinical features that predict mortality comprised hypoxic pneumonia, oral thrush, and persistent diarrhea. Findings emphasize the necessity for strategies that may enhance early diagnosis in children and may improve hospital management of critically ill HIV-infected children.