Malczewska A, Frampton AE, Mato Prado M, et al. - Researchers aimed to discover serum-based microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers for small-bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SBNET) that may aid in guiding clinical decisions. They conducted this study in 3 stages (discovery, validation, and a prospective, longitudinal assessment). Significant up-regulation of four serum miRNAs (miR-125b-5p, -362–5p, -425–5p and -500a-5p) was observed in SBNET (fold-change > 2) based on multiple normalization strategies, and this was validated by RT-qPCR. In longitudinal assessment, they identified that patients without disease had return of miR-125b-5p towards HC levels at 1 month postoperatively, whereas it remained up-regulated in those with residual disease (RSD). Furthermore, this was true at 12 months postoperatively. In RSD and recurrent disease (RCD), miR-362–5p seemed up-regulated at 12 months. In this study, the largest global profiling of serum miRNAs was conducted in SBNET patients, and evaluation of ongoing serum miRNA expression changes after surgical resection was performed for the first time ever. Findings suggest the potential utility of serum miR-125b-5p and miR-362–5p to detect RSD/RCD.