Akhtar S, et al. - The purpose of this study was to quantify the magnitude of the relationship between chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs), which were defined as infections of the urinary tract that did not respond to treatment or recurred, and the risk of bladder carcinoma (BCa), including urothelial carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or adenocarcinoma. A notable and independent association was shown between chronic UTIs with an increased BCa risk. The data suggested that a substantial proportion of BCa risk could be reduced by prompt and effective treatment.