Pieterman K, et al. - Authors sought to quantify long-term consequences of preterm birth on brain development in children born preterm without perinatal brain lesions. They conducted neonatal cranial sonography and follow-up T1-weighted MR imaging and DTI to assess if the anatomic characteristics of the cerebrum and cerebellum in a cohort of school-aged children (6–12 years of age) were related to gestational age at birth in children free of brain lesions in the perinatal period. Findings demonstrated that long-term neurodevelopment particularly of the developing cerebellum was disturbed with perinatal influences that were not primarily neurologic. Therefore, the inclusion of cerebellum in future neuroprotective strategies seemed important. At 6–12 years, a reduction of cerebellar white matter volume, the altered fractional anisotropy of cerebellar white matter, and a reduction of cerebellar grey and white matter surface area in relation to birth age was revealed with T1-weighted MR imaging and DTI.