Roozen GVT, Vos AG, Tempelman HA, et al. - Researchers investigated carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), a proxy for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and its determinants in two groups of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in two different settings in South Africa. Data from the Ndlovu Cohort Study in the Limpopo Province (group 1) were compared with data from three clinical trials in Johannesburg (group 2). Group 1 comprised 826 participants (mean age: 42.2 years) and had mean (± standard deviation) CIMT of 0.626 ± 0.128 mm. In this group, higher CIMT was observed to be correlated with sex, age, BMI, cholesterol, glucose, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) duration. Positive interactions were evident between age and ART duration and age and cholesterol. Group 2 comprised 382 participants (mean age: 39.5 years) and had mean (± standard deviation) CIMT of 0.560 ± 0.092 mm. In this group, only sex, education level, BMI, and cholesterol were correlated with higher CIMT, albeit with weaker correlations than in group 1. Differences in sample size, age, and viral suppression might explain the impact of ART that was observed in group 1 but not in group 2.