Do BH, Nguyen TN, Baba R, et al. - Researchers conducted this investigation to examine the localization of pannexin-1 (Panx1) and P2X7 at the ultrastructural level, and review the regulatory pathway subsequent to [Ca²⁺]_i increase. From patients with chronic hypertrophic rhinitis during endoscopic sinonasal surgery, the inferior turbinate mucosa was obtained. Immunoreactivities for Panx1 and P2X7 were localized along the plasma membrane of the entire length of the cilia in immunoelectron microscopy. Stimulation with 100 μM acetylcholine significantly increased CBF. Such findings suggest that Panx1 and P2X7 coexist at the cilia of the human nasal epithelial cells and that the ciliary beat is regulated by calmodulin, adenylate/guanylate cyclases and protein kinases A/G, and is crucially dependent on creatine kinase.